Hi Tom, Re. CO2 monitoring Panic attacks and PE will both, usually, have LOW CO2 levels. The patient will be breathing fast in both situations and thus will blow off all of their CO2. The CO2 will not rise in PE unless it is a massive PE: but then, they will be minutes from death and looking very unlike the panic attack patient. Measuring expired CO2 is also very inaccurate unless you use an entirely closed mask e.g as found on BVM, and even then, you have to have a perfect seal on the patient's face. With regards to the fitting patient, as you've mentioned, I'm sure it would be a very sensible idea to get access while they're not fitting, have tried and failed myself in thrashy fitters, it's not very easy :-)