Just a thought - is there a "cooling down period" needed by new arrivals en masse before they feel comfortable getting involved in any kind of civil service/public service jobs? Is there a point at which new arrivals feel it's safe to abandon either low-level service jobs or single entrepreneurship, and really engage with the ongoing life of their new country? A point at which the individual feels secure in their place, enough to offer their skills for the good of people outside their immediate cultural group/community? Anyone hoping to "go home" as soon as possible, may not see the benefits to them of taking a RELATIVELY low paid job if their own family business, which supports people they love at home, prospers. And likewise if someone feels so left out of any chances of bettering their own position that the best they can aim for, is the lower end of the service market, a job saving lives may not occur to them. I cannot imagine being transplanted to Peru or Rwanda, for life, and immediately assuming that a place in public services was totally right for me - most of the gap year UK kids who do overseas aid work don't engage on an everyday level with local public service workers, they do their charitable fly-by (and I'm not knocking it) for a UK-based charity or NGO, and with a ticket home to an NHS/welfare state country constantly in their pocket. Final thought: when I trained a young Indian student to take over a job I was leaving, he told me that in his area (if not country - I can't say) corruption in the form of bribery - and more often, favours done for cousins of friends of uncles - was endemic. And so, he was amazed at the ease with which he could walk into a job without needing someone "on the inside" to grease a few palms, pull a few favours, and generally ease the way. I will venture to suggest that any nation without a considerable and established middle-class - that group of people who make comfortable incomes, have no immediate life/death subsistance struggle, and so feel secure enough to contribute to their communities and countries in the social and political spheres - suffers from bribery and corruption we can't really grasp, as the mass of desperate poor struggle to achieve the lifestyle of the few mega rich. But I'm no sociologist and these are just my observations, and I'm ready for them to be just plain wrong - only offered for what it's worth.