Random Acts Of Reality :: Post Comment

Re: Norovirus

by wilfriedsoddemann

Norovirus infections: Triggered off by drinking water in the run-up to limited secondary spread from human to human The cold is the main cause to conserve virulent viruses e.g. in water. Norovirus can spread through: - contact with infected persons at 37°C - contact with surfaces or objects in [heated] houses at 20°C - eating contaminated food with over the year constant temperatures - drinking contaminated water with over the year changing temperatures from 20°C to 3°C. About the half of norovirus infections occur in the expanse without recognized clusters. Norovirus infections occur general strong seasonal in the cold dependent on environmental temperatures [water, soil, drinking water pipes]. There must be an abiotic vehicel like drinking water that changes its temperature in the cold. Norovirus infections exact start and finish at water pipe temperatures of 15°C. So I'm convinced that norovirus infections mainly are triggered off by drinking water in the run-up to limited secondary spread from human to human. There is no other appropriate vehicel changing its temperature over the year to explain the strong seasonal norovirus epidemics in the cold. It’s my conviction that in temperate climates the strong seasonal waterborne infections like norovirus, rotavirus, salmonellae and campylobacter are mainly triggered off by drinking water dependent on the drinking water temperature (in Germany minimum temperature february/march: important to viruses like norovirus and rotavirus - maximum temperature august: important to bacteria like salmonellae and campylobacter). Norovirus (and rotavirus, salmonellae and campylobacter) infections are triggered off by feces in food or in drinking water. The year over food temperature don’t change in contrast to drinking water temperature. Logical norovirus infections have to be triggered off by contaminated drinking water in the run-up to limited secondary spread from human to human. The performance to eliminate viruses from the drinking water processing plants regularly does not meet the requirements of the WHO and the USA/USEPA. Conventional disinfection procedures are poor, because microorganisms in the water are not in suspension, but embedded in particles. Conventional disinfection procedures (chlorine, ozon) are less effective in the cold. Even ground water used for drinking water is not free from viruses. Extracts from the specialized literature: http://www.springerlink.com/content/x6138263qn388085/ Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz Volume 50, Number 3 / März 2007 K. Botzenhart Konrad.Botzenhart@uni-tuebingen.de Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Tübingen, BRD Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Wilhelmstraße 31, 72074 Tübingen, BRD Viruses in drinking water Abstract Viruses in drinking water can cause infectious diseases. In the past, hepatitis A and E were the most frequently observed drinking- water-borne viral infections, but in recent years several small- and large-scale norovirus epidemics have been described, even in Europe. All virus species spread via drinking water are of fecal origin. They are regularly identified in waste water even after conventional multi-stage water treatment. The approved disinfection methods can cope with these viruses if they are not integrated in larger particles. For this reason particle separation is particularly important in water treatment. Virological tests are not reliable enough to ensure that drinking water is sufficiently virus-free. The examination of 100 mL of water for E. coli and coliform bacteria is not adequate proof either. If potentially contaminated raw water is used, consumer safety must be ensured by calculating the performance of water treatment plants on a case-by-case basis. Such a calculation takes into account the virus load of the raw water, the efficiency of the physical and chemical particle elimination steps and the effect of disinfection. Those factors which determine the effectiveness of disinfection, namely concentration and exposure time or UV radiation strength, must be adjusted according to the risk of viral infection, and calculated settings must be adhered to, even if favorable E. coli levels may make them seem excessive. Keywords: Drinking water, Viruses, Disinfection, Particle elimination, http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol11no11/05-0487.htm Emerg Infect Dis [serial on the Internet]. 2005 Nov. Maunula L, Miettinen IT, von Bonsdorff C-H. Norovirus outbreaks from drinking water. Abstract As part of an intensified monitoring program for foodborne disease outbreaks in Finland, waterborne outbreaks were investigated for viruses. The diagnostic procedure included analysis of patients' stool samples by electron microscopy and reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for noroviruses and astroviruses. When these test results were positive for a virus, the water sample was analyzed. Virus concentration was based on positively charged filters from 1-L samples. Of the total 41 waterborne outbreaks reported during the observation period (1998–2003), samples from 28 outbreaks were available for analysis. As judged by RT-PCR results from patient samples, noroviruses caused 18 outbreaks. In 10 outbreaks, the water sample also yielded a norovirus. In all but 1 instance, the amplicon sequence was identical to that recovered from the patients. The ubiquity of waterborne norovirus outbreaks calls for measures to monitor water for viruses. Dipl.-Ing. Wilfried Soddemann Free Science Journalist soddemann-aachen@t-online.de http://www.dugi-ev.de/information.html Epidemiological analysis: http://www.dugi-ev.de/TW_INFEKTIONEN_H5N1_20071019.pdf

Welcome to Random Acts Of Reality, a Blog based in London, England, written by an E.M.T working for the London Ambulance Service. Also, number one search result for "Womble porn". All names have be changed to protect the guilty. This Blog was previously known as "Why I Hate Humanity" but the antipsychotic medication seems to have kicked in.
All opinions on this website are mine alone, and may not reflect those of the L.A.S or other ambulance crews
Find out more about me here.